Introduction
Male infertility is a major global health concern, affecting millions of couples worldwide. Despite its prevalence, male-related infertility remains underrecognized and undertreated. Andrology provides the scientific and clinical framework necessary to understand, diagnose, and manage male reproductive dysfunction.
Etiology of Male Infertility
Male infertility may result from hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, testicular trauma, obstructive disorders, or systemic illnesses. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use, obesity, chronic stress, poor sleep, and exposure to environmental toxins also play a significant role in reducing sperm quality and quantity.
Diagnostic Evaluation
Andrological assessment begins with a comprehensive medical and reproductive history, followed by physical examination and semen analysis. Additional diagnostic tools include hormonal profiling, erotic testing, genetic testing, scrotal ultrasonography, and sperm DNA integrity testing. These evaluations allow clinicians to identify reversible and irreversible causes of infertility.
Treatment Approaches
Treatment strategies depend on the underlying cause and may involve medical therapy, surgical intervention, lifestyle modification, antioxidant supplementation, or assisted reproductive technologies. Andrology emphasizes individualized, evidence-based treatment plans.
Conclusion
Male infertility is often manageable with appropriate andrological care. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment significantly enhance reproductive outcomes and psychological well-being.